[NVIC June 12, 2006] UK Docs Attack Wakefield

E-NEWS FROM THE NATIONAL VACCINE INFORMATION CENTER
Vienna, Virginia http://www.nvic.org

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"Protecting the health and informed consent rights of children since 1982."

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Barbara Loe Fisher Note:

   In 1997, Andy Wakefield, M.D. was a guest speaker at the First
International Public Conference on Vaccination sponsored by the National
Vaccine Information Center in Washington, D.C. The title of his talk was
"Measles Virus and Measles Vaccine: Lessons to be Learned" and he made his
presentation despite threats from people in high places in the medical
profession in Great Britain and elsewhere who warned him his career was on
the line.

   Although Kathi Williams and I assured him we would understand and the
audience would understand if he had to withdraw in order to save his career,
Dr. Wakefield declined the offer. Refusing to be bullied by those acting
more like hit men in a medical mafia than healers, he said "I will not live
my life in fear." He believed what he had discovered about measles virus,
MMR vaccine, intestinal bowel disease and and autism was something that had
to be discussed publicly to prevent more children from being harmed.

   From the moment Andy Wakefield stood his ground and said "I will not live
my life in fear" and then went on to talk with me about how important it was
to stand up for the truth even though you risk your life to do it, I knew he
was an extraordinary individual. I knew he would make history but pay a
terrible price for it.

   During the past 25 years of work to prevent vaccine injuries and deaths
through public education and defend the informed consent ethic, I have seen
doctors who tell the truth about vaccine risks be viciously attacked by
their colleagues in government, industry and academia. The attacks are both
professional and personal and, with surgical precision, the goal is to
evisicerate rather than simply stun the victim. It is an ugly process and it
has a distinctly Spanish Inquisition flavor to it.

  Undaunted, Dr. Wakefield has continued to conduct his humanitarian
research into the biological mechanisms for MMR vaccine induced neuroimmune
dysfunction. Finally, after nearly a decade of persecution for conducting
scientific research that questions the scientific and moral integrity of
one-size-fits-all mass vaccination policies, Andy Wakefield's accusers are
taking him to their own Medical Court. In a final attempt to silence him,
they want to take away his medical license and his ability to care for
vaccine injured children.

   The BBC in London said the General Medical Council is charging Dr.
Wakefield with carrying out "inadequately founded" research, failing to
obtain ethical committee approval before publishing, acquiring funding
improperly and subjecting children to 'unnecessary and invasive
investigations.'
     A leading London newspaper, The Daily Mail, protested Dr. Wakefield's
treatment by the General Medical Council, saying "He had a duty to speak out
and now he is being made to suffer for it. His treatment by the GMC is
utterly unjust. If this preposterous body had existed 200 years ago,
defending the prevailing wisdom against new ideas, doctors would still be
treating illnesses by slitting their patients' veins."

   F.E. Yazbak, M.D., FAAP, a pediatrician and researcher of autoimmune
regressive autism and vaccine injury, has published an excellent analysis of
the scientific issues and political motives involved in Wakefield's
persecution at the hands of the medical hierarcrhy. Dr. Yazbak's article
"When Finding Nothing Is Wonderful" was first published on RedFlags on June
9, 2006. <http://www.redflagsdaily.com/yazbak/2006_jun09?from=0>



MMR doctor 'to face GMS charges'

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/5070670.stm
BBC
June 12, 2005

The doctor who first suggested a link between the MMR vaccine and autism is
to be charged with serious professional misconduct, it is reported.

The Independent newspaper reports that the General Medical Council will
accuse Mr Andrew Wakefield of carrying out "inadequately founded" research.

Vaccination rates fell sharply after Dr Wakefield questioned the safety of
MMR, raising fears of a measles epidemic.

His initial Lancet paper has since been disowned by the journal.


The editor admitted he would not have published the 1998 paper if he had
known about what he called a "fatal conflict of interest".

Mr Wakefield was being paid to see if there was any evidence to support
possible legal action by a group of parents who claimed their children were
damaged by the vaccine. Some children were involved in both studies.

In addition ten doctors who co-authored the paper issued a statement in 2004
arguing there was insufficient evidence to draw the conclusion that the MMR
vaccine was not safe.

The main thrust of the paper was that MMR was linked not only to autism, but
also to the bowel disorder Crohn's disease. Small-scale US research has
subsequently produced similar findings.

No corroboration

But a host of major studies has since failed to find any evidence of a link
between MMR and autism.

However, the uptake rate for MMR - a triple jab which protects against
measles, mumps and rubella - slumped in the wake of the controversy.

The rate has since picked up again, but remains low in some areas of the
country, most notably London.

The number of confirmed measles cases in England and Wales rose from 56 in
1998 to 438 in 2003, although the provisional figure for 2005 was back down
to 77.

The Independent reports that Mr Wakefield will face four charges: that he
published inadequately founded research, failed to obtain ethical committee
approval for the work, obtained funding for it improperly, and subjected
children to "unnecessary and invasive investigations".

The paper says that detailed charges are being formulated by the GMC's
lawyers, and will be presented in the autumn, with a public hearing expected
next year.

If found guilty, Mr Wakefield could be struck off the medical register.

Mr Wakefield carried out his initial study while working at London's Royal
Free Hospital.

He has since moved to the US.

A General Medical Council spokesperson refused to confirm details, but said:
"An investigation is ongoing."

She said the council had been investigating Mr Wakefield since The Lancet
issued its retraction in 2004.

She added that any charges against him might "evolve" before they were
formally presented.


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MMR and a doctor only doing his duty


http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/newscomment.html?in_arti
cle_id=390366&in_page_id=1787&in_a_source=

Daily Mail - UK
13th June 2006

   Nobody has complained to the General Medical Council about Dr Andrew
Wakefield. Nobody has suggested that he said or wrote anything dishonest
when he believed he had discovered a link between the MMR vaccine and
autism.

Yet the GMC has taken it upon itself to charge him with serious professional
misconduct, threatening to strike him off, and, in doing so, destroy his
livelihood.

His research was 'inadequately founded', say the charges. He failed to
obtain ethical committee approval before publishing, acquired funding
improperly and subjected children to 'unnecessary and invasive
investigations'.

In short, the council is throwing the book at him. Why?

The case has the whiff about it of a medieval inquisition, called to defend
the orthodoxy of the establishment against the heresy of an independent
mind.

Dr Wakefield's 'crime' was to open an important debate that remains
unresolved. Eight years on, he is by no means alone among doctors in
believing that he may have been on to something. The trouble is we just
don't know.

Even Tony Blair, though publicly committed to the triple vaccine, seems to
have private doubts. What else would explain why he has refused to tell MPs
if his son Leo has been given it?

After all, he has never been above dragging his family into the spotlight,
when it suits his political purposes.

The GMC's real beef against Dr Wakefield is that immunisation rates fell -
and cases of measles, mumps and rubella rose - after his article appeared.
But that is hardly his fault. It is the fault of a Government that refused
to heed parents' fears, and failed to offer separate vaccines on the NHS,
even though the cost implications were marginal.

Think what an uproar there would be today if it was discovered that Dr
Wakefield had kept his suspicions to himself and a link had subsequently
been proven. He had a duty to speak out - and now he is being made to suffer
for it.

His treatment by the GMC is utterly unjust. If this preposterous body had
existed 200 years ago, defending the prevailing wisdom against new ideas,
doctors would still be treating illnesses by slitting their patients' veins.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------

FIRST PUBLISHED ON REDFLAGS ON  JUNE 9, 2006
<http://www.redflagsdaily.com/yazbak/2006_jun09?from=0>

F. E. Yazbak, a pediatrician, now devotes his time to the research of
autoimmune regressive autism and vaccine injury.

When Finding Nothing Is Wonderful
By F. Edward Yazbak, MD, FAAP

Scientists are expected to discover things. They are applauded when they do
and sometimes ostracized when they don't.

Mainstream researchers investigating the connection between autism and the
measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, however, seem pleased when they find
nothing. They hurry to publish their "findings" to the jubilation of
"authorities."

Repeating the performance a few times further cements the belief that if
"orthodox" first-class researchers cannot find a connection between the
triple vaccine, the measles virus and regressive autism, then, indeed, none
exists.

* * * *

There was a big commotion in the U.K. last month, when new research from the
United States seemed to confirm the presence of intestinal findings in
children with regressive autism, which were similar to those reported by
Andrew Wakefield, MD, in 1998.

On May 28, Sally Beck of The Mail on Sunday wrote a long article on the
study at Wake Forest University School of Medicine in North Carolina titled
"Scientists fear MMR link to autism."

In the American study, 275 children with regressive autism and bowel disease
were evaluated. Of the 82 children completely tested, 70 proved positive for
the measles virus. Beck quoted Stephen Walker, MD, the team leader as
saying, "Of the handful of results we have in so far, all are vaccine strain
and none are wild measles. This research proves that in the gastrointestinal
tract of a number of children, who have been diagnosed with regressive
autism, there is evidence of measles virus." (1)

Several other Sunday papers reported the story in the U.K., while not much
about the Wake Forest research was mentioned in the American media.

On May 31, as if on cue, Reuters Health Information in New York published an
account of a different study headlined "No Evidence of Measles Virus in
MMR-Vaccinated Autistic Children." It said "contrary to the findings of some
earlier studies, measles virus genetic material was not detected in the
blood of MMR-vaccinated autistic children with development regression,
according to a report in the Journal of Medical Virology for May." (2)

The Reuters report went on, "In the present study, Dr. M.A. Afzal, from the
National Institute for Biological Standards and Control in Hertfordshire,
U.K., and colleagues used several assays to test for measles genome
sequences in leukocyte preparations obtained from 15 children with autism
who had received the MMR vaccine as part of the routine immunization
schedule in the U.K."

According to the British researchers, there was no evidence of measles
genomic fragments in any of the children examined, in spite of the fact that
the methods used were "highly sensitive, specific, and robust" and capable
of detecting "measles virus RNA down to single figure copy numbers per
reaction."

The Reuters' report ended reassuringly: "Given the rigorous methods
employed, the researchers believe that measles virus material genuinely did
not exist in the patient's blood samples."

Two friends, one in Wisconsin and the other in California, both very
informed about vaccine and autism matters, wrote to me almost simultaneously
asking the same question: "Can this really be a coincidence?" that we have a
study published supporting the MMR-autism connection and almost immediately
another contradicting it?

I answered them that I did not know for sure but that in the past, "Dr. M.A.
Afzal, from the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control in
Hertfordshire, U.K." had published several articles that seemed
strategically very well-timed.

The differences between the two recent studies deserve repeating:

In the U.S. study, measles virus genomic RNA was actually found in the gut
of 70 affected children and the viral results of another 200 children with
typical gut pathology are still pending.

In the U.K. study, the researchers "could not detect" measles virus genetic
material in the blood of 15 MMR-vaccinated children with autism.

It is essential to also point out that the above-mentioned M.A. Afzal is not
N.A. Afzal, a pediatric gastroenterologist attached to the Centre for
Pediatric Gastroenterology at The Royal Free Hospital, London, U.K.

It was at the Royal Free Hospital that Andrew Wakefield practiced
gastroenterology for years and where he was the shining star before he dared
to "rock the boat" and was forced to resign. It is also at the Royal Free
and University College Medical School in London that Brent Taylor, one of
Wakefield's most vocal critics, is professor of community pediatrics.

N.A. Afzal published his first study with the Royal Free team in December
2002. (3) He published two more studies in 2004 and one in 2005. (4) The
abstracts of all four studies did not contain any reference to autism and
vaccines.

M.A. Afzal, on the other hand, is a member of the virology department at the
National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC). The
Institute is a respected multi-disciplinary scientific establishment with
national and international roles in the standardization and control of
biological substances including viral and bacterial vaccines. Since 1976,
the institute has been directly funded by the United Kingdom Health
Departments.

Members of the U.K. Health Departments have led the charge against Wakefield
and his theory and have spent enormous amounts of money on an MMR awareness
campaign. Elizabeth Miller, Director of the U.K. Health Protection Agency's
immunization department, co-authored, with Taylor, several anti-Wakefield
studies.

But back to M.A. Afzal of the NIBSC, who according to Reuters was certain in
2006 that the measles virus material genuinely did not exist in the patients
' blood samples because he and his team did not find it. He must have been
aware that a Japanese team from Tokyo University led by H. Kawashima had
found the same "genetic material" in the blood of children with autism in
2000: "In order to characterize the strains that may be present, we have
carried out the detection of measles genomic RNA in peripheral mononuclear
cells (PBMC) in eight patients with Crohn's disease, three patients with
ulcerative colitis, and nine children with autistic enterocolitis..."

Kawashima discovered and reported that "the sequences obtained from the
children with autism were consistent with being vaccine strains" and that
the results were concordant with the exposure history of those children. (5)

So how come Team Tokyo found vaccine-strain measles virus genomic RNA in
peripheral mononuclear cells of vaccinated autistic children in 2000 and
Team U.K. found nothing in 2006?

The answer to that perplexing and rather sensitive question may be in a very
interesting study that was published in the Journal of Medical Virology in
May 2003, titled appropriately "Comparative evaluation of measles
virus-specific RT-PCR methods through an international collaborative study"
and authored by both Afzal and Kawashima, in addition to renowned experts
A.D. Osterhaus, S.L. Cosby, L. Jin, J. Beeler and K. Takeuchi. (6)

That international panel found, "Comparison of RT-PCR assays established in
house at various places revealed that laboratories could differ in
sensitivity by as much as 1,000-fold in terms of the ability to detect
measles virus sequences in clinical samples. The study indicates that PCR
findings, positive or negative, are questionable if they are not supported
by the associated data demonstrating the overall sensitivity of the assay
applied. Measles virus-specific RT-PCR-based assays need to be validated
using standard virus preparation or nucleic acid-based target templates. A
correlation between real-time quantitative PCR and the conventional PCR for
measles virus is highly desirable."

The above is simply noted with interest.

Coincidence after coincidence

Andrew Wakefield published his now famous article, "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular
hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in
children," in The Lancet on Feb. 28, 1998. (7)

Before that date, M.A. Afzal published a total of 16 studies and was the
lead author in nine of them. Twelve works were about mumps and four dealt
with assorted virology topics. Afzal did not write a single article or
publish any research dealing with measles, MMR, autism, inflammatory bowel
disease or related subjects before Wakefield's landmark article.

Since Feb. 28, 1998, M.A. Afzal has published 20 articles: 13 were about
measles, MMR and related topics; six dealt with mumps; and one was on other
viral topics. He was lead author in 13 of the 20.

The first Afzal paper on the topic of measles titled "Absence of
measles-virus genome in inflammatory bowel disease" was also published in
the February 28, 1998 issue of the Lancet, five pages after Wakefield's
article. (8)

An abstract of the Afzal research was not available for quoting, but it
appears from the title that the virologist and his colleagues at the NIBSC
did not find measles-virus genome in patients with inflammatory bowel
disease.

Measles infection and inflammatory bowel disease

In the summer of 1998, Balzola, Khan, Pera, Bonino, Pounder and Wakefield
reported measles IgM immunoreactivity in patients with inflammatory bowel
disease (IBD). Their research revealed specific and fluctuating immune
response to measles virus in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative
colitis. (9)

Afzal and colleagues published "Absence of detectable measles virus genome
sequence in inflammatory bowel disease tissues and peripheral blood
lymphocytes" in the Journal of Medical Virology. (10) According to the
authors, in spite of using a "highly sensitive measles-specific
RT-PCR-nested PCR system," they failed to detect the presence of measles
virus in 93 colon biopsies and 31 peripheral blood lymphocyte preparations,
examined and obtained from patients with IBD and non-inflammatory controls.

It seems from the above that M.A. Afzal was looking for evidence of viral
presence in the colon (large intestine) and did not find any. Wakefield had
better luck, a little later, when he looked for such evidence in the ileum.
Afzal was certainly aware that the children tested by the Royal Free Team
had ileal lymphonodular hyperplasia.

In virology, as in life, it's always better to look in the right spot.

The fact that Afzal could not find evidence of measles genomic RNA in the
peripheral blood in 1998 is not surprising. Eight years later, as noted
earlier, he still can't.

Measles virus and Crohn's disease

In April 1999, Wakefield, Montgomery and Pounder published "Crohn's disease:
the case for measles virus." (11) They reported, "We and others have
suggested that measles virus may be causally related to Crohn's disease, and
that the associated risk is an atypical pattern of exposure.. The data for
Crohn's disease suggest that persistent infection may follow early low dose
exposure and low zone immunological tolerance. The changing pattern of
measles virus exposure this century would be consistent with a shift toward
lower dose of infection. Such an exposure would also be consistent with
persistence of the virus at very low copy number within discrete foci of
granulomatous inflammation.."

Afzal, Minor, Armitage and Gosh published "Measles virus and Crohn's
 disease" in June of the same year. (12) An abstract of the publication is
not available for review but the similarity of the two titles is simply
astonishing.

2000: MMR safety review

In their careful and detailed scholarly article on MMR safety, "Measles,
mumps, rubella vaccine: through a glass, darkly," (13) Wakefield and
Montgomery reviewed the safety testing of MMR vaccine or lack thereof.

In "Clinical safety issues of measles, mumps and rubella vaccines," (14)
Afzal, Minor and Schild did not directly respond but essentially reviewed
all the studies that had been done by the anti-Wakefield camp and had failed
to identify the presence of measles virus genomic RNA in patients with IBD.
In the available abstract, M.A. Afzal stated, "Based on the published data
reviewed here, it can be concluded that there is no direct association
between measles virus or measles vaccines and the development of Crohn's
disease, a conclusion which is supported by most epidemiological findings."

The above statement obviously can be correct. On the other hand, presuming
that because the studies reviewed did not reveal a relationship between
measles vaccine and IBD that none exists appears somewhat presumptuous.

As to the safety of the MMR vaccine, one need only mention one of the
conclusions of the recent comprehensive Cochrane MMR Review: "The design and
reporting of safety outcomes in MMR vaccine studies, both pre- and
post-marketing, are largely inadequate."

April 2002

In "Potential viral pathogenic mechanism for new variant inflammatory bowel
disease," Uhlmann and associates, including Wakefield, published results of
their meticulous research. It revealed that "75 of 91 patients with a
histologically confirmed diagnosis of ileal lymphonodular hyperplasia and
enterocolitis were positive for measles virus in their intestinal tissue
compared with five of 70 control patients. Measles virus was identified
within the follicular dendritic cells and some lymphocytes in foci of
reactive follicular hyperplasia. The copy number of measles virus ranged
from one to 300,00 copies/ng total RNA." The authors concluded, "The data
confirm an association between the presence of measles virus and gut
pathology in children with developmental disorder." (15)

M.A. Afzal and associates did not immediately respond. Instead, they
published two well-written but highly technical papers on the
newest-available, very delicate PCR testing procedures. The 2003 publication
was discussed earlier. (5) The second, published in the Journal of Medical
Virology in May 2004, is listed for completion. (16)

The Afzal group response to the 2002 Uhlmann paper seems to be the most
recently published study (May 2006) in the Journal of Medical Virology. It
was reported by Reuters and discussed earlier. (17)

"Leukocyte preparations from children with documented evidence of MMR
vaccination and confirmed diagnosis of autism were examined by several
assays designed to target multiple regions of the measles virus genome
sequence. No sample was found positive by any method. The assays applied
were highly sensitive, specific and robust in nature, and were based on the
amplification of measles virus RNA transcripts by real-time quantitative
RT-PCR (QRT-PCR) as well as by conventional RT-PCR-nested PCR. The assays
applied were potentially able to detect measles virus RNA down to single
figure copy numbers per reaction. The amount of total nucleic acid extract
of leukocytes subjected to various measles virus-specific investigations was
several-fold higher than minimally required of a sample where measles virus
persistence is well documented. This study failed to substantiate reports of
the persistence of measles virus in autistic children with development
regression."

Again one should mention that M.A. Afzal and associates investigated only 15
children with autism "who had received the MMR vaccine as part of the U.K.
routine immunization schedule." If these children had early-onset autism and
happened, as clearly stated, simply to have "received the MMR vaccine as
part of the U.K. routine immunization schedule," they may not necessarily ha
ve the typical findings of autistic enterocolitis.

The children in the Wakefield studies have regressive autism, a totally
different entity; in most, the very clear regression seemed to have been
chronologically related to their MMR vaccination.

Conclusions

This review cannot ascertain whether the recent publication by M.A. Afzal
and associates (17) was a response to the 2002 study by Uhlmann et al (15)
or was intended to pre-empt the recent important report from Wake Forest
University.

It does demonstrate, on the other hand, a sudden and intense interest on the
part of Afzal in measles virus genomic RNA, the MMR vaccine, autism and
inflammatory bowel disease starting in 1998.

As more future studies supporting and confirming the Wakefield findings are
published in the U.S. and elsewhere, it would not be surprising if M.A.
Afzal and his associates continued their sophisticated research and still
found nothing, as they have all along.

Future publications by the group will be celebrated by the vaccine
authorities and medical groups, as long as they continue to report negative
findings.

The medical authorities will undoubtedly declare that because Afzal and
friends found nothing, there was, indeed, nothing and, therefore, that the
measles virus and the MMR vaccine are not in any way responsible for the
sudden regression of a small percentage of children, who are genetically
predisposed to autism.

And that would be truly tragic.

References

Sally Beck. "Scientists fear MMR link to autism." Mail on Sunday. May 28,
2006. Available at http://tinyurl.com/zjbsa
"No Evidence of Measles Virus in MMR-Vaccinated Autistic Children." Reuters
Health Report, New York. June 30, 2006. Available at
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/533545
Afzal NA, Addai S, Fagbemi A, Murch S, Thomson M, Heuschkel R Refeeding
syndrome with enteral nutrition in children: a case report, literature
review and clinical guidelines. Clin Nutr. 2002 Dec;21(6):515-20. PMID:
12468372
Afzal NA, Davies S, Paintin M, Arnaud-Battandier F, Walker-Smith JA, Murch
S, Heuschkel R, Fell J. Colonic Crohn's disease in children does not respond
well to treatment with enteral nutrition if the ileum is not involved. Dig
Dis Sci. 2005 Aug; 50(8): 1471-5. PMID: 16110838
Kawashima H, Mori T, Kashiwagi Y, Takekuma K, Hoshika A, Wakefield A.
Detection and sequencing of measles virus from peripheral mononuclear cells
from patients with inflammatory bowel disease and autism. Dig Dis Sci. 2000
Apr; 45(4): 723-9.
Afzal MA, Osterhaus AD, Cosby SL, Jin L, Beeler J, Takeuchi K, Kawashima
H.Comparative evaluation of measles virus-specific RT-PCR methods through an
international collaborative study. J Med Virol. 2003 May; 70(1): 171-6.
PMID: 12629660
Wakefield AJ, Murch SH, Anthony A, Linnell J, Casson DM, Malik M, Berelowitz
M, Dhillon AP, Thomson MA, Harvey P, Valentine A, Davies SE, Walker-Smith
JA. Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive
developmental disorder in children.
Lancet. 1998 Feb 28; 351(9103): 637-41
Afzal MA, Minor PD, Begley J, Bentley ML, Armitage E, Ghosh S, Ferguson A.
Absence of measles-virus genome in inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet. 1998
Feb 28; 351(9103): 646-7. PMID: 9500326
Balzola FA, Khan K, Pera A, Bonino F, Pounder RE, Wakefield AJ. Measles IgM
immunoreactivity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Ital J
Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1998 Aug; 30(4): 378-82. PMID: 9789132
Afzal MA, Armitage E, Begley J, Bentley ML, Minor PD, Ghosh S, Ferguson A.
Absence of detectable measles virus genome sequence in inflammatory bowel
disease tissues and peripheral blood lymphocytes.
J Med Virol. 1998 Jul; 55(3): 243-9.
Wakefield AJ, Montgomery SM, Pounder RE. Crohn's disease: the case for
measles virus. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999 Apr; 31(3): 247-54.
Review. PMID: 10379489
Afzal MA, Minor PD, Armitage E, Ghosh S. Measles virus and Crohn's disease.
Gut. 1999 Jun; 44(6): 896-7. PMID: 10375297
Wakefield AJ, Montgomery SM. Measles, mumps, rubella vaccine: through a
glass, darkly. Adverse Drug React Toxicol Rev. 2000 Dec; 19(4): 265-83;
discussion 284-92. Review. PMID: 11212459
Afzal MA, Minor PD, Schild GC. Clinical safety issues of measles, mumps and
rubella vaccines. Bull World Health Organ. 2000; 78(2): 199-204. Review.
PMID: 10743285
Uhlmann V, Martin CM, Sheils O, Pilkington L, Silva I, Killalea A, Murch SB,
Walker-Smith J, Thomson M, Wakefield AJ, O'Leary JJ. Potential viral
pathogenic mechanism for new variant inflammatory bowel disease. Mol Pathol.
2002 Apr; 55(2): 84-90. PMID: 11950955
Ozoemena LC, Minor PD, Afzal MA. Comparative evaluation of measles virus
specific TaqMan PCR and conventional PCR using synthetic and natural RNA
templates. J Med Virol. 2004 May; 73(1): 79-84. PMID: 15042652
Afzal MA, Ozoemena LC, O'Hare A, Kidger KA, Bentley ML, Minor PD.
Absence of detectable measles virus genome sequence in blood of autistic
children who have had their MMR vaccination during the routine childhood
immunization schedule of U.K. J Med Virol. 2006 May; 78(5): 623-30. PMID:
16555271






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