Squalene citations
Squalene

Squalene Induces Autoimmune Disease in Animals

1. Whitehouse MW, Orr KJ, Beck FW, Pearson CM [Division of Rheumatology, De­partment of Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California], “Freund’s Adjuvants: Relationship of Arthritogenicity and Adjuvanticity in Rats to Vehicle Composition,” Immunology, (1974) Aug;27(2)311-30.

2. Beck FW, Whitehouse MW, Pearson CM [Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California], “Improvements for consistently inducing experimental allergic encelphalomyelitis (EAE) in rats: I. without using mycobacterium. II. inoculating encephalitogen into the ear,” Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, (1976) Mar; 151 (3):615-22.

3. Kohashi 0, Pearson CM [Division 6f Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Uni­versity of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California], “Arthritogenicity of Mycobacterium smegmatis subfractions, related to different oil vehicle and dif­ferent composition,” International Archives of Allergy Applied Immunology, (1976);51(4):462-70.

4. Beck FW, Whitehouse MW [Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California and Depart­ment of Experimental Pathology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra A.CT. 2600, Australia], “Modifications in the Establishment of Allergic Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Rats; an Improved Assay for Immunosuppressant Drugs,” Agents Actions, (1976) July;6(4):460-7.

5. Zamma T [Department of Oral Surgery, School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Showa-Ku, Nagoya, 466 Japan], “Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis in the Temporomandibu­lar Joint of Rats,” Infection and Immunity, March 1983;39(3), pg. 1291-1299.

6. Johnston BA, Eisen H, Fry D [Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington], “An Evaluation of Several Adjuvant Emulsion Regimens for the Pro­duction of Polyclonal Antisera in Rabbits,” Laboratory Animal Science, (1991) Jan;41 (1): 15-21.

7. Lipman NS, Trudel LJ, Murphy JC, Sahali Y [Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139], “Comparison of Immune Response Potentiation and In Vivo Inflammatory Effects of Freund’s and Ribi Adjuvants in Mice,” Laboratory Animal Science, (1992) April;42(2): 193-7.

8. Leenaars PP, Hendriksen CF, Angulo AF, Koedam MA, Claasen E [National Insti­tute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM), PO. Box 1,3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands], “Evaluation of several adjuvants as alternatives to the use of Freund’s adjuvant in rabbits” Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, (1994) Mar;40(3):225-41.

9. Leenaars M, Koedam MA, Hendriksen CF, Claassen E [National Institute of Pub­lic Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands], “Immune responses and side effects of five different oil-based adjuvants in mice,” Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, (1998) Feb 27;61(2-4):291-304.

10. Leenaars PP, Koedam MA, Ester PW, Baumans V, Claassen E, Hendriksen CF [National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands], “Assessment of side effects induced by injection of different adjuvant/antigen combinations in rabbits and mice,” Labo­ratoryAnimals (1998) Oct;32(4):387-406.

11. Kleinau S, Erlandsson H, Klareskog L [Department of Clinical Immunology, Uni­versity Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden], “Percutaneous exposure of adjuvant oil causes arthritis in DA rats,” Clinical Experimental Immunology, (1994) May;96(2):281-4. (“Refers to olive oil, which contains squalene).

12. Yoshino S, Yoshino J [Rheumatology Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA5000, Australia], “Recruitment of pathogenic T cells to synovial tissues of rats in­jected intraarticularly with nonspecific agents,” Cellular Immunology, (1994) Octo­ber 15;158(2):305-13.

13. Smialek M, Gajkowska B, Ostrowski RP, Piotrowski P [Department of Neuropathol­ogy and Laboratory of the Ultrastructure of the Nervous System, Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland], “Experimental squalene encephaloneuropathy in the rat,” Folia Neuropathologica, (1997);35(4):262-4.

1 4. Gajkowska B, Smialek M, Ostrowski RP, Piotrowski P, Frontczak-Baniewicz M

[The Laboratory of the Ultrastructure of the Nervous System, Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences,S Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland], ‘The experimental squalene encephaloneuropathy in the rat,” Experimen­tal and Toxicologic Pathology, (1999) January; 5:75-80.

15. Lorentzen JC [Department of Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden],” Identification of arthritogenic adjuvants of self and foreign origin,” Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, (1999) Jan;49( 1 ):45-50.

16. Carlson BC, ]annson AM, Larsson A, Bucht A, Lorentzen]C [Department of Med­icinee, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden], “The endogenous adjuvant squa­

lene can induce a chronic T-cell-mediated arthritis in rats,” American Journal of Pathology: (2000) ]un: 156(6):2057-65.

17. Holm BC, Zu HW, ]acobsson L, Larson A, Luthman H, Lorentzen]C [Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden], “Rats made congenic for Oia3 on chromo­some 10 become susceptible to squalene-induced arthritis,” Human Molecular Ge­netics, (.2001) Mar 215;10(6):565-72.

18. Holmdahl R, Lorentzen]C, Lu S, Olofsson P, Wester L., Holmberg], Pettersson U, [Section of Medical Inflammation Research, Lund University, Sweden]. “Arthritis induced in rats with nonimmunogenic adjuvants as models for rheumatoid arthritis” Immunological Reviews, (2001) Dec;184:184-202.

19. Holm BC, Svelander L, Bucht A, Lorentzen ]C [Department of Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm and Department of Medical Coun­termeasures, Division of NBC Defense, Defense Research Agency, Umea, Swe­den], ‘The arthritogenic adjuvant squalene does not accumulate in joints, but gives rise to pathogenic cells in both draining and non-draining lymph nodes,” Clinical and Experimental Immunology, (2002) Mar;127(3):430-5.

20. Whitehouse MW, Beck FW], Matsumoto G [Department of Medicine, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland, Australia; Wayne States University Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.], “Squalene is an Auto Toxi­cant Inducing Polyarthritis in Rats and Immunopathies in Man, Abstract,” The Aus­tralian Health and Medical Congress, 2002, no. 1143.

21. Gherardi RK [Groupe Nerf-Muscle, Departement de Pathologie, Hopital Henri Mondor, Creteil], “Lessons from macrophagic myofasciitis: towards definition of a vaccine adjuvant-related syndrome,” Revue Neurologique (Paris), (2003) Feb; 159(2): 162-4.

22. Backdahl L, Ribbihammar U, Lorentzen ]C [Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm], “Mapping and functional characterization of rat chromosome 4 regions that regulate arthritis models and phenotypes in congenic strains,” Arthritis and Rheumatism, (2003) Feb;48(2):551-9.

23. Satoh M, Kuroda Y, Yoshida H, Behney KM, Mizutani A, Akaogi], Nacionales DC, Lorenson TD, Rosenbauer R], Reeves WH [Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville], “Induc­tion of lupus autoantibodies by adjuvants,” Journal of Autoimmunity, (2003) Aug;21(l):1-9.

24. Kuroda Y, Akaogi ], Nacionales DC, Wasdo SC, Szabo N], Reeves WH, Satoh M [Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville], “Distinctive Patterns of Autoimmune Response Induced by Different Types of Mineral Oil,” Toxicological Sciences, (2004) Apr;78(2):222-8.

25. Kuroda Y, Nacionales DC, Akaogi J, Reeves WH, Satoh M [Division of Rheumatol. ogy and Clinical Immuryology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville], “Autoimmunity induced by adjuvant hydrocarbon oil components of vaccine,” Biomedicine & Pharmflcotherapy, (2004), Jun;(5S)5:325.37.

26. Holm BC, Lorentzen JC, Bucht A [Diabetes Research, Immunology Unit, Depart. ment of Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmo University Hospital, Stockholm], “Adjuvant oil induces waves of arthritogenic lymph node cells prior to arthritis on. set,” Clinical and Experimental Immunology, (2004) Jul;137(1):59.64.

Adverse Reactions in Humans to Experimental Vaccines Containing Squalene

27. Keitel W, Couch R, Bond N., Adair S, Van Nest G, Dekker C [Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, One Baylor Plaza, Hous. ton, Texas 77030], “Pilot evaluation of influenza virus vaccine (IW) combined with adjuvant,” Vaccine, (1993);11(9):909.913; “[See also Nos. 27 & 31);

Squalene Stimulates the Immune System

28. Ott G, Barchfield GL, Chernoff D, Radhakrishnan R, van Hoogevest P, Van Nest G

[Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California 9460S], “MF59. Design and evaluation of a safe and potent adjuvant for human vaccines,” Pharm Biotechnol, (1995);6:277. 96.

29. Ott G, Barchfield GL, Chernoff D, Radhakrishnan R, van Hoogevest P, Van Nest G [Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 9460S], “MF59. Design and Evaluation of a Safe and Potent Adjuvant for Human Vaccines,” Vaccine Design: The Subunit and Adjuvant Approach (Monograph), (1995) Chapter 1 0:277 .311.

30. Ou G, Barchfield GL, Van Nest G [Chiron Corporation, EmeryvilIe, CA 9460S], “Enhancement of humoral response against human influenza vaccine with the simple submicron oil/water emulsion adjuvant MF59,” Vaccine, (1995) Nov; 13(16): 1557.62.

31. O’Hagan DT, Ott GS, Van Nest G [Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94704], “Recent advances in vaccine adjuvants: the development of MF59 emulsion and polymeric microparticles,” Molecular Medicine Today, (1997) Feb; 3(2):69-75.

32. Allison AC [Suromed Corporation, 1060 East Meadow Circle, Palo Alto, California 94303], “Squalene and squalane emulsions as adjuvants,” Methods (1999) Sept; 19( 1 ):S7 .93.

How the Immune System Processes Squalene

33. Depuis M, MurphyTJ, Higgins D, Ugozzoli M, Van Nest G, Ott G, McDonald DM

[Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143], “Dendritic cells internalize vaccine adjuvant after intramuscular injection,” Cellular Immunology, (1998) May 25; 186(1): 18-27.

34. Depuis M, McDonald OM, Ott G [Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143], “Distribution of adjuvant MF59 and antigen gD2 after intramuscular injection in mice,” Vaccine, (1999) Oct 14; 18(5­6):434-9.

35. Depuis M, Denis-Mize K, LaBarbaraA, Peters W, Charo IF, McDonald OM, Ott G [Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143], “Immunization with the adjuvant MF59 induces macrophage trafficking and apoptosis,” European Journal of Immunology, (2001) Oct;31(10):291O-8.

Specificity of Antibody Response to Squalene

36. Asa PB, Cao Y, Garry RF [Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane Medical School, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112], “Antibodies to Squalene in Gulf War Syndrome,” Experimental and Molecular Pathology (2000) Feb;68(1):55-64.

37. Matyas GR, Wasseff NM, Rao M, Alving CR [Department of Membrane ~iochem­istry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 20910-7500, Silver Spring, MD], “Induction and detection of antibodies to squalene,” Journal of Immunological Methods (2000) Nov 1;245(1-2):1-14.

38. Alving CR, Grabenstein JD [Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and Anthrax Vaccine Immunization Program Office], “RE: Antibodies to squalene in Gulf War Syndrome,” Experimental and Molecular Pathology (2000) Jun;68(3): 196-8.

39. Asa PB, Cao Y, Garry RF [Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane Medical School, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112], “Reply,” Experimental and Molecular Pathology (2000) Jun;68(3): 197-8.

40. Asa PB, Wilson RB, Garry RF [Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tu­lane Medical School, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112], “Anti­bodies to Squalene in recipients of anthrax vaccine,” Experimental and Molecular Pathology (2002) Aug;73(1): 19-27.

41. Matyas G, Rao M, Alving C [Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, 20910-7500, Silver Spring,

MD, USA], “Induction and detection of antibodies to squalene. II. Optimization of

the assay for murine antibodies,” Journal of Immunological Methods (2002) Sep 15; 267(2):119.

42. Matyas GR, Rao M, Pittman PR, Burge R, Robbins IE, Wassef NM, Thivierge B, Alving CR [Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research], “Detection of antibodies to squalene: III. Naturally occurring antibodies to squalene in humans and mice,” Journal of Immunological Methods, (2004) Mar;286(102):47-67.

Ingested Squalene Is Processed Differently from Injected Squalene

43. Tilvis RS, Miettinen TA [Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland], “Absorption and metabolic fate of dietary 3H-squalene in the rat,” Lipids, (1983) Mar;18(3):233-8.

44. Gylling H, Miettinen TA [Second Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland], “Postabsorptive metabolism of dietary squalene,” Atherosclerosis, (1994) April; 106(2): 169-78.

45. Relas H, Gylling H, Miettinen TA [Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland], “Effect of stanol ester on postabsorptive squalene and retinyl palmitate,” Metabolism, (2000) April;49(4):473-8.

Detecting Squalene in Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed [BioThrax] and U.K. Anthrax Vaccine

46. Spangood RJ, Wu B, Sun M, Lim P, Ellis WY [SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025], “Development and application of an analytical method for the determination of squalene in formulations of anthrax vaccine ad­sorbed,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis (2002) June 20;29(1­2):183-93.

47. May JC, Del Grosso A, Swartz L, Progar 11, “Chemical Test Results for Michigan Department of Public Health, Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed, Lots FAV020 and FAV 030,” Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, CBER, Lab Report, Personal Communication to Neil Goldman, Ph.D., 25 June 1999, pg. 1-6.

48. Wood D [Scientific Analysis Laboratories Ltd., Medlock House, New Elm Road, Manchester M3 4JH, United Kingdom], “The Determination of Squalene in a Vac­cine Sample, Scientific Analysis Laboratories, SAL Report 34120E,” Scientific Analysis Laboratories Ltd., Lab Report, Personal Communication to Asif Hasan, Granada Television, 26 February 2003, pg. 1-6;.

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